Characteristics Of Wireless Network

The term  wireless network  (Wireless network  in  English ) is a term used in telecommunications to designate the connection of  nodes  without the need of a physical connection ( cables ), this is given by means of  electromagnetic waves .Wireless Lan protocal Transmission and reception are done through  ports .

One of its main advantages is notable in the costs, since all ethernet cable  and physical connections between nodes are eliminated  , but it also has a considerable disadvantage since for this type of network you must have a   much more demanding and robust security to avoid to intruders.

Characteristics:

Depending on the frequency range used to transmit, the transmission medium may be  radio waves ,   terrestrial or satellite microwaves , and  infrared , for example. Depending on the medium, the wireless network will have some characteristics or others:

·          Radio waves:  the  electromagnetic waves  are omnidirectional, so they are not necessary  satellite dishes . The transmission is not sensitive to the attenuations caused by rain since it operates at frequencies not too high. In this range are the bands from the  ELF  that goes from 3 to 30  Hz , to the UHF band   that goes from 300 to 3000  MHz , that is, it comprises the radio spectrum of 30 - 3000000000 Hz.

·          Terrestrial microwave:  satellite dishes with an approximate diameter of about three meters are used. They have a coverage of kilometers, but with the disadvantage that the transmitter and receiver must be perfectly aligned. Therefore, they are used to use point-to-point links   over short distances. In this case, the attenuation produced by rain is more important since it operates at a higher frequency. Microwaves comprise frequencies from 1 to 300  GHz .

·          Microwave by satellite:  links are made between two or more ground stations called base stations. The  satellite  receives the signal (called ascending signal) in a frequency band, amplifies it and retransmits it in another band (descending signal). Each satellite operates in specific bands. Microwave frequencies, both terrestrial and satellite, with infrared and high-frequency radio waves mix quite a bit, so there may be interference with communications on certain frequencies.

Audits in industrial wireless communications

Today, the wireless communication methods used in industrial environments for communication between the various devices that make up the industrial process are numerous and widespread. Among them are Wi-Fi, WiMAX and WirelessHART. From CERTSI a guide has already been published in which the characteristics and good security practices of these protocols were presented and analyzed.

Security audit of industrial wireless protocols
An industrial wireless communications audit is a process similar to a wireless security audit in corporate environments, in which the particularities of specific SCI environments and protocols must be taken into account. The main objective is to determine the security level of the wireless computing infrastructure of the client company; limited connection ethernet for this, different tests are carried out with the help of various applications with the aim of finding possible failures and / or weaknesses in the security of the wireless network. Care must be taken when conducting intrusion tests or vulnerability assessments, since they could compromise the security of the system, as well as the continuity of industrial processes.

Advantages of performing industrial wireless protocol audits
Industrial communication networks may be affected by various security problems and threats, some of them critical to the industrial process, such as a denial of service. That is why, performing security audits of these wireless networks will raise the state of communications security in a way that will allow:

• Detect default settings.
• Detect possible vulnerabilities of the devices.
• Detect problems in controlling access to networks.
• Detect errors in the implementation and deployment of networks in a way that identifies countermeasures to be applied for mitigation.
• Reduce the impact of possible attacks and security incidents.
• Implement corrective actions.
• Check the version in use and its potential vulnerabilities

Advantages And Disadvantages of WLANs

Advantages of WLAN's

The most obvious advantage of a WLAN is that devices can connect wirelessly, eliminating the need for cables. This allows homes and businesses to create local networks without wiring the building with Ethernet. It also provides a way for small devices, such as smartphones and tablets, to connect to the network. WLANs are not limited by the number of physical ports on the router and therefore can support dozens or even hundreds of devices. The range of a WLAN can easily be extended by adding one or more repeaters. Finally, a WLAN can be easily upgraded by replacing routers with new versions — a much easier and cheaper solution than upgrading old Ethernet cables.

Disadvantages of WLANs

Wireless networks are naturally less secure than wired networks. Any wireless device can attempt to connect to a what does WLAN, so it is important to limit access to the network if security is a concern. This is typically done using wireless authentication such as WEP or WPA, which encrypts the communication. Additionally, wireless networks are more susceptible to interference from other signals or physical barriers, such as concrete walls. Since LANs offer the highest performance and security, they are still used for many corporate and government networks.

NOTE: WLAN should not be confused with "WAN," which is a wide area network.

What is internet of things and how it works

What is the Internet?

When we talk about the internet, we instantly think of the word connection ; and it would be difficult to find a more suitable feature to relate to the internet.

The origin of the word comes from the English term Interconnected Networks, which in Spanish means interconnected networks. In its most faithful meaning, we can describe it as a large network of computers that are connected worldwide.

But do you know the history of the Internet? Being connected is a reality that is possible today thanks to JCR Licklider in 1962; wireless lan adapter who conceived it as a "Galactic Network" that would connect a group of computers to share data regardless of physical location.

It took 3 years to achieve the successful connection of two computers between California and Massachusetts through a telephone line. And after a few more years, the ARPANET military project was created, which aimed to connect more and more connection networks.

While the internet (or network connection) was growing, the infrastructure must also grow to support and guarantee its operation. For this reason it was necessary to create the Domain Name System (DNS).

Already by the 90s the internet became massive; It went from being an exclusive research tool and came to homes to change our customs. Do you remember when you had to use the telephone line to connect to the internet?

From that moment the world quickly began a technological revolution; in which connectivity and access to information have marked the history of mankind forever. Smart devices, new ways of socializing and learning, nanotechnology, 3D printers, artificial intelligence and many other advances that will continue to mark future generations.

Civil Consultancy Jobs

Description

Within the framework of the Project, Civil Consultancy Jobs  hiring of up to two (2) Architect Consultants and / or Civil Engineers, specialists in construction works costs, is required in order to control and monitor the investment projects presented by the companies that They request protection from the benefits granted by Law No. 16,906.

Excluding Requirements:

• Hold a University degree in Architect and / or Civil Engineering.
• Experience over 6 years in the profession.
• Minimum experience of 3 years in construction management, or construction companies or organizations in terms of planning, budgeting departments, calculation of costs in the construction industry or liquidation and certification of works.

Requirements to assess:

• Training:
  • Management of computer tools (Windows Operator - Office- Cad tools)
  • Specialization courses in the area of ​​footage, planning, budgeting and construction costs
• Experience:
  • Experience of more than 3 years will be valued in areas related to construction management or management, or construction companies or agencies in terms of planning, budgeting departments, calculation of costs in the construction industry or liquidation and certification of works

Engineering Consultant Jobs

All these elements described in the previous section must be known to consulting engineers , professionals who provide advice, recommendations and instructions to companies to be successful in their Engineering Consultant Jobs

In general terms, consulting engineers are people who do not belong to organizations and are hired temporarily by them, an aspect that gives them the advantage of providing an objective and impartial look.

Regarding its procedure, and regardless of the differences that may exist due to issues such as the Engineering Consultant Jobs or the companies that it advises, it is basically divided into two phases. Let's see:

• Phase 1: issuance of a diagnosis:

Consulting engineers begin by assessing the situation, the project or the idea that you want to develop or redirect. This task includes, of course, an analysis of the company itself, its operation and the resources it has available, and especially the feasibility of its engineering plans.

• Phase 2: development of solutions:

Based on this diagnosis, consulting engineers are responsible for designing the most appropriate solution for each case. At this time it is essential that they combine their technical knowledge with the tools of commercial management for the sale of solutions of high technological level.

Finally, we can add that the consulting engineers are also dedicated to the work of presenting the projects to the public administrations for concession processes, as well as to the management of the works or projects once awarded.